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Python v2.6.1 documentation
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What’s New in Python
What’s New in Python 2.6
Python 3.0
Changes to the Development Process
New Issue Tracker: Roundup
New Documentation Format: reStructuredText Using Sphinx
PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement
Writing Context Managers
The contextlib module
PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module
PEP 370: Per-user
site-packages
Directory
PEP 371: The
multiprocessing
Package
PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting
PEP 3105:
print
As a Function
PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes
PEP 3112: Byte Literals
PEP 3116: New I/O Library
PEP 3118: Revised Buffer Protocol
PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes
PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax
PEP 3129: Class Decorators
PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbers
The
fractions
Module
Other Language Changes
Optimizations
Interpreter Changes
New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
The
ast
module
The
future_builtins
module
The
json
module: JavaScript Object Notation
The
plistlib
module: A Property-List Parser
ctypes Enhancements
Improved SSL Support
Build and C API Changes
Port-Specific Changes: Windows
Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X
Port-Specific Changes: IRIX
Porting to Python 2.6
Acknowledgements
What’s New in Python 2.5
PEP 308: Conditional Expressions
PEP 309: Partial Function Application
PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1
PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports
PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts
PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally
PEP 342: New Generator Features
PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement
Writing Context Managers
The contextlib module
PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes
PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type
PEP 357: The ‘__index__’ method
Other Language Changes
Interactive Interpreter Changes
Optimizations
New, Improved, and Removed Modules
The ctypes package
The ElementTree package
The hashlib package
The sqlite3 package
The wsgiref package
Build and C API Changes
Port-Specific Changes
Porting to Python 2.5
Acknowledgements
What’s New in Python 2.4
PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects
PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers
PEP 289: Generator Expressions
PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions
PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods
PEP 322: Reverse Iteration
PEP 324: New subprocess Module
PEP 327: Decimal Data Type
Why is Decimal needed?
The
Decimal
type
The
Context
type
PEP 328: Multi-line Imports
PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions
Other Language Changes
Optimizations
New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
cookielib
doctest
Build and C API Changes
Port-Specific Changes
Porting to Python 2.4
Acknowledgements
What’s New in Python 2.3
PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype
PEP 255: Simple Generators
PEP 263: Source Code Encodings
PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives
PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT
PEP 278: Universal Newline Support
PEP 279: enumerate()
PEP 282: The logging Package
PEP 285: A Boolean Type
PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks
PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils
PEP 302: New Import Hooks
PEP 305: Comma-separated Files
PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements
Extended Slices
Other Language Changes
String Changes
Optimizations
New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
Date/Time Type
The optparse Module
Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocator
Build and C API Changes
Port-Specific Changes
Other Changes and Fixes
Porting to Python 2.3
Acknowledgements
What’s New in Python 2.2
Introduction
PEPs 252 and 253: Type and Class Changes
Old and New Classes
Descriptors
Multiple Inheritance: The Diamond Rule
Attribute Access
Related Links
PEP 234: Iterators
PEP 255: Simple Generators
PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers
PEP 238: Changing the Division Operator
Unicode Changes
PEP 227: Nested Scopes
New and Improved Modules
Interpreter Changes and Fixes
Other Changes and Fixes
Acknowledgements
What’s New in Python 2.1
Introduction
PEP 227: Nested Scopes
PEP 236: __future__ Directives
PEP 207: Rich Comparisons
PEP 230: Warning Framework
PEP 229: New Build System
PEP 205: Weak References
PEP 232: Function Attributes
PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms
PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook
PEP 208: New Coercion Model
PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages
New and Improved Modules
Other Changes and Fixes
Acknowledgements
What’s New in Python 2.0
Introduction
What About Python 1.6?
New Development Process
Unicode
List Comprehensions
Augmented Assignment
String Methods
Garbage Collection of Cycles
Other Core Changes
Minor Language Changes
Changes to Built-in Functions
Porting to 2.0
Extending/Embedding Changes
Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Install
XML Modules
SAX2 Support
DOM Support
Relationship to PyXML
Module changes
New modules
IDLE Improvements
Deleted and Deprecated Modules
Acknowledgements
The Python Tutorial
Using Python
The Python Language Reference
The Python Standard Library
Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter
Python/C API Reference Manual
Introduction
Include Files
Objects, Types and Reference Counts
Reference Counts
Reference Count Details
Types
Exceptions
Embedding Python
Debugging Builds
The Very High Level Layer
Reference Counting
Exception Handling
Standard Exceptions
Deprecation of String Exceptions
Utilities
Operating System Utilities
System Functions
Process Control
Importing Modules
Data marshalling support
Parsing arguments and building values
String conversion and formatting
Reflection
Abstract Objects Layer
Object Protocol
Number Protocol
Sequence Protocol
Mapping Protocol
Iterator Protocol
Buffer Protocol
Concrete Objects Layer
Fundamental Objects
Type Objects
The None Object
Numeric Objects
Plain Integer Objects
Boolean Objects
Long Integer Objects
Floating Point Objects
Complex Number Objects
Complex Numbers as C Structures
Complex Numbers as Python Objects
Sequence Objects
Byte Array Objects
String/Bytes Objects
Unicode Objects and Codecs
Unicode Objects
Built-in Codecs
Methods and Slot Functions
Buffer Objects
Tuple Objects
List Objects
Mapping Objects
Dictionary Objects
Other Objects
Class and Instance Objects
Function Objects
Method Objects
File Objects
Module Objects
Iterator Objects
Descriptor Objects
Slice Objects
Weak Reference Objects
CObjects
Cell Objects
Generator Objects
DateTime Objects
Set Objects
Initialization, Finalization, and Threads
Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock
Profiling and Tracing
Advanced Debugger Support
Memory Management
Overview
Memory Interface
Examples
Object Implementation Support
Allocating Objects on the Heap
Common Object Structures
Type Objects
Number Object Structures
Mapping Object Structures
Sequence Object Structures
Buffer Object Structures
Supporting Cyclic Garbage Collection
Distributing Python Modules
Installing Python Modules
Introduction
Best case: trivial installation
The new standard: Distutils
Standard Build and Install
Platform variations
Splitting the job up
How building works
How installation works
Alternate Installation
Alternate installation: the home scheme
Alternate installation: Unix (the prefix scheme)
Alternate installation: Windows (the prefix scheme)
Custom Installation
Modifying Python’s Search Path
Distutils Configuration Files
Location and names of config files
Syntax of config files
Building Extensions: Tips and Tricks
Tweaking compiler/linker flags
Using non-Microsoft compilers on Windows
Borland/CodeGear C++
GNU C / Cygwin / MinGW
Documenting Python
Python HOWTOs
Python Advocacy HOWTO
Reasons to Use Python
Programmability
Prototyping
Simplicity and Ease of Understanding
Java Integration
Arguments and Rebuttals
Useful Resources
Porting Extension Modules to 3.0
Conditional compilation
Changes to Object APIs
str/unicode Unification
long/int Unification
Module initialization and state
Other options
Curses Programming with Python
What is curses?
The Python curses module
Starting and ending a curses application
Windows and Pads
Displaying Text
Attributes and Color
User Input
For More Information
Idioms and Anti-Idioms in Python
Language Constructs You Should Not Use
from module import *
Inside Function Definitions
At Module Level
When It Is Just Fine
Unadorned
exec
,
execfile()
and friends
from module import name1, name2
except:
Exceptions
Using the Batteries
Using Backslash to Continue Statements
Functional Programming HOWTO
Introduction
Formal provability
Modularity
Ease of debugging and testing
Composability
Iterators
Data Types That Support Iterators
Generator expressions and list comprehensions
Generators
Passing values into a generator
Built-in functions
Small functions and the lambda expression
The itertools module
Creating new iterators
Calling functions on elements
Selecting elements
Grouping elements
The functools module
The operator module
The functional module
Revision History and Acknowledgements
References
General
Python-specific
Python documentation
Regular Expression HOWTO
Introduction
Simple Patterns
Matching Characters
Repeating Things
Using Regular Expressions
Compiling Regular Expressions
The Backslash Plague
Performing Matches
Module-Level Functions
Compilation Flags
More Pattern Power
More Metacharacters
Grouping
Non-capturing and Named Groups
Lookahead Assertions
Modifying Strings
Splitting Strings
Search and Replace
Common Problems
Use String Methods
match() versus search()
Greedy versus Non-Greedy
Not Using re.VERBOSE
Feedback
Socket Programming HOWTO
Sockets
History
Creating a Socket
IPC
Using a Socket
Binary Data
Disconnecting
When Sockets Die
Non-blocking Sockets
Performance
Unicode HOWTO
Introduction to Unicode
History of Character Codes
Definitions
Encodings
References
Python’s Unicode Support
The Unicode Type
Unicode Literals in Python Source Code
Unicode Properties
References
Reading and Writing Unicode Data
Unicode filenames
Tips for Writing Unicode-aware Programs
References
Revision History and Acknowledgements
HOWTO Fetch Internet Resources Using urllib2
Introduction
Fetching URLs
Data
Headers
Handling Exceptions
URLError
HTTPError
Error Codes
Wrapping it Up
Number 1
Number 2
info and geturl
Openers and Handlers
Basic Authentication
Proxies
Sockets and Layers
Footnotes
HOWTO Use Python in the web
The low-level view
Common Gateway Interface
Simple script for testing CGI
Setting up CGI on your own server
Common problems with CGI scripts
mod_python
FastCGI and SCGI
Setting up FastCGI
mod_wsgi
Step back: WSGI
WSGI Servers
Case study: MoinMoin
Model-view-controller
Ingredients for web sites
Templates
Data persistence
Frameworks
Some notable frameworks
Django
TurboGears
Other notable frameworks
Glossary
About these documents
Contributors to the Python Documentation
Reporting Bugs in Python
Copyright
History and License
History of the software
Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
Mersenne Twister
Sockets
Floating point exception control
MD5 message digest algorithm
Asynchronous socket services
Cookie management
Profiling
Execution tracing
UUencode and UUdecode functions
XML Remote Procedure Calls
test_epoll
Select kqueue
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