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@Initial revision
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@Copyright (c) 1985 Free Software Foundation, Inc;  See end for conditions.

You are looking at the Emacs tutorial.

Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labelled
CTRL or CTL) or the META key (sometimes labelled EDIT).  Rather than
write out META or CONTROL each time we want you to prefix a character,
we'll use the following abbreviations:

 C-<chr>  means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr>
	  Thus, C-f would be: hold the CONTROL key and type f.
 M-<chr>  means hold the META or EDIT key down while typing <chr>.
	  If there is no META or EDIT key, type <ESC>, release it,
	  then type the character <chr>.  "<ESC>" stands for the
	  key labelled "ALT" or "ESC".

Important note: to end the Emacs session, type C-x C-c.  (Two characters.)
The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you to
try using a command.  For instance:
<<Blank lines inserted here by startup of help-with-tutorial>>
>>  Now type C-v (View next screen) to move to the next screen.
	(go ahead, do it by depressing the control key and v together).
	From now on, you'll be expected to do this whenever you finish
	reading the screen.

Note that there is an overlap when going from screen to screen; this
provides some continuity when moving through the file.

The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from
place to place in the file.  You already know how to move forward a
screen, with C-v.  To move backwards a screen, type M-v (depress the
META key and type v, or type <ESC>v if you don't have a META or EDIT
key).

>>  Try typing M-v and then C-v to move back and forth a few times.


SUMMARY
-------

The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls:

	C-v	Move forward one screenful
	M-v	Move backward one screenful
	C-l	Clear screen and redisplay everything
		 putting the text near the cursor at the center.
		 (That's control-L, not control-1.
		  There is no such character as control-1.)

>> Find the cursor and remember what text is near it.
   Then type a C-l.
   Find the cursor again and see what text is near it now.


BASIC CURSOR CONTROL
--------------------

Getting from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you
reposition yourself within a given screen to a specific place?
There are several ways you can do this.  One way (not the best, but
the most basic) is to use the commands previous, backward, forward
and next.  As you can imagine these commands (which are given to
Emacs as C-p, C-b, C-f, and C-n  respectively) move the cursor from
where it currently is to a new place in the given direction.  Here,
in a more graphical form are the commands:
 
			  Previous line, C-p
				  :
				  :
   Backward, C-b .... Current cursor position .... Forward, C-f
				  :
				  :
			  Next line, C-n

>> Move the cursor to the line in the middle of that diagram
   and type C-l to see the whole diagram centered in the screen.

You'll probably find it easy to think of these by letter.  P for
previous, N for next, B for backward and F for forward.  These are
the basic cursor positioning commands and you'll be using them ALL
the time so it would be of great benefit if you learn them now.

>> Do a few C-n's to bring the cursor down to this line.

>> Move into the line with C-f's and then up with C-p's.
   See what C-p does when the cursor is in the middle of the line.

Lines are separated by Newline characters.  For most applications
there should normally be a Newline character at the end of the text,
as well, but it is up to you to make sure of this.  A file can
validly exist without a Newline at the end.

>> Try to C-b at the beginning of a line.  Do a few more C-b's.
   Then do C-f's back to the end of the line and beyond.

When you go off the top or bottom of the screen, the text beyond
the edge is shifted onto the screen so that your instructions can
be carried out while keeping the cursor on the screen.

>> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the screen with C-n and
   see what happens.

If moving by characters is too slow, you can move by words.  M-f
(Meta-f) moves forward a word and M-b moves back a word.

>> Type a few M-f's and M-b's.  Intersperse them with C-f's and C-b's.

Notice the parallel between C-f and C-b on the one hand, and M-f and
M-b on the other hand.  Very often Meta characters are used for
operations related to English text whereas Control characters operate
on the basic textual units that are independent of what you are
editing (characters, lines, etc).  There is a similar parallel between
lines and sentences: C-a and C-e move to the beginning or end of a
line, and M-a and M-e move to the beginning or end of a sentence.

>> Try a couple of C-a's, and then a couple of C-e's.
   Try a couple of M-a's, and then a couple of M-e's.

See how repeated C-a's do nothing, but repeated M-a's keep moving
farther.  Do you think that this is right?

Two other simple cursor motion commands are M-< (Meta Less-than),
which moves to the beginning of the file, and M-> (Meta Greater-than),
which moves to the end of the file.  You probably don't need to try
them, since finding this spot again will be boring.  On most terminals
the "<" is above the comma and you must use the shift key to type it.
On these terminals you must use the shift key to type M-< also;
without the shift key, you would be typing M-comma.

The location of the cursor in the text is also called "point".  To
paraphrase, the cursor shows on the screen where point is located in
the text.

Here is a summary of simple moving operations including the word and
sentence moving commands:

	C-f	Move forward a character
	C-b	Move backward a character

	M-f	Move forward a word
	M-b	Move backward a word

	C-n	Move to next line
	C-p	Move to previous line

	C-a	Move to beginning of line
	C-e	Move to end of line

	M-a	Move back to beginning of sentence
	M-e	Move forward to end of sentence

	M-<	Go to beginning of file
	M->	Go to end of file

>> Try all of these commands now a few times for practice.
   Since the last two will take you away from this screen,
   you can come back here with M-v's and C-v's.  These are
   the most often used commands.

Like all other commands in Emacs, these commands can be given
arguments which cause them to be executed repeatedly.  The way you
give a command a repeat count is by typing C-u and then the digits
before you type the command.  If you have a META or EDIT key, you can
omit the C-u if you hold down the META or EDIT key while you type the
digits.  This is easier, but we recommend the C-u method because it
works on any terminal.

For instance, C-u 8 C-f moves forward eight characters.
	
>> Try giving a suitable argument to C-n or C-p to come as close
   as you can to this line in one jump.

The only apparent exception to this is the screen moving commands,
C-v and M-v.  When given an argument, they scroll the screen up or
down by that many lines, rather than screenfuls.  This proves to be
much more useful.

>> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now.

Did it scroll the screen up by 8 lines?  If you would like to
scroll it down you can give an argument to M-v.


WHEN EMACS IS HUNG
-----------------

If Emacs gets into an infinite (or simply very long) computation which
you don't want to finish, you can stop it safely by typing C-g.
You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of
a command that you don't want to finish.

>> Type C-u 100 to make a numeric arg of 100, then type C-g.
   Now type C-f.  How many characters does it move?
   If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of it
   with a C-g.

If you type <ESC> <ESC>, you get a new window appearing on
the screen, telling you that M-ESC is a "disabled command"
and asking whether you really want to execute it.  The command
M-ESC is marked as disabled because you probably don't want to
use it until you know more about Emacs, and we expect it would
confuse you if it were allowed to go ahead and run.  If you really
want to try the M-ESC command, you could type a Space in answer
to the question and M-ESC would go ahead.  Normally, if you do
not want to execute M-ESC, you would type "n" to answer the question.

>> Type <ESC> <ESC>, then type n.


WINDOWS
-------

Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text.
At this stage it is better not to go into the techniques of
using multiple windows.  But you do need to know how to get
rid of extra windows that may appear to display help or
output from certain commands.  It is simple:

	C-x 1	One window (i.e., kill all other windows).

That is Control-x followed by the digit 1.
C-x 1 makes the window which the cursor is in become
the full screen, by getting rid of any other windows.

>> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
>> Type Control-h k Control-f.
   See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears
   to display documentation on the Control-f command.

>> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear.


INSERTING AND DELETING
----------------------

If you want to insert text, just type it.  Characters which you can
see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted
immediately.  Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a
Newline character.

You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Rubout>.
<Rubout> is a key on the keyboard, which might be labelled "Delete"
instead of "Rubout" on some terminals.  More generally, <Rubout>
deletes the character immediately before the current cursor position.

>> Do this now, type a few characters and then delete them
   by typing <Rubout> a few times.  Don't worry about this file
   being changed; you won't affect the master tutorial.  This is just
   a copy of it.

>> Now start typing text until you reach the right margin, and keep
   typing.  When a line of text gets too big for one line on the
   screen, the line of text is "continued" onto a second screen line.
   The backslash at the right margin indicates a line which has
   been continued.
>> Use <Rubout>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen
   line again.  The continuation line goes away.

>> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Rubout>.  This
   deletes the newline before the line and merges the line onto
   the previous line.  The resulting line may be too long to fit, in
   which case it has a continuation line.
>> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted.

Remember that most Emacs commands can be given a repeat count;
this includes characters which insert themselves.

>>  Try that now -- type C-u 8 * and see what happens.

You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in
Emacs and correcting errors.  You can delete by words or lines
as well.  Here is a summary of the delete operations:

	<Rubout>     delete the character just before the cursor
	C-d   	     delete the next character after the cursor

	M-<Rubout>   kill the word immediately before the cursor
	M-d	     kill the next word after the cursor

	C-k	     kill from the cursor position to end of line
	M-k	     kill to the end of the current sentence

Notice that <Rubout> and C-d vs M-<Rubout> and M-d extend the parallel
started by C-f and M-f (well, <Rubout> isn't really a control
character, but let's not worry about that).  C-k and M-k are like C-e
and M-e, sort of, in that lines are opposite sentences.

Now suppose you kill something, and then you decide that you want to
get it back?  Well, whenever you kill something bigger than a
character, Emacs saves it for you.  To yank it back, use C-y.  You
can kill text in one place, move elsewhere, and then do C-y; this is
a good way to move text around.  Note that the difference
between "Killing" and "Deleting" something is that "Killed" things
can be yanked back, and "Deleted" things cannot.  Generally, the
commands that can destroy a lot of text save it, while the ones that
attack only one character, or nothing but blank lines and spaces, do
not save.

For instance, type C-n a couple times to postion the cursor
at some line on this screen.

>> Do this now, move the cursor and kill that line with C-k.

Note that a single C-k kills the contents of the line, and a second
C-k kills the line itself, and make all the other lines move up.  If
you give C-k a repeat count, it kills that many lines AND their
contents.

The text that has just disappeared is saved so that you can
retrieve it.  To retrieve the last killed text and put it where
the cursor currently is, type C-y.

>> Try it; type C-y to yank the text back.

Think of C-y as if you were yanking something back that someone
took away from you.  Notice that if you do several C-k's in a row
the text that is killed is all saved together so that one C-y will
yank all of the lines.

>> Do this now, type C-k several times.

Now to retrieve that killed text:

>> Type C-y.  Then move the cursor down a few lines and type C-y
   again.  You now see how to copy some text.

What do you do if you have some text you want to yank back, and then
you kill something else?  C-y would yank the more recent kill.  But
the previous text is not lost.  You can get back to it using the M-y
command.  After you have done C-y to get the most recent kill, typing
M-Y replaces that yanked text with the previous kill.  Typing M-y
again and again brings in earlier and earlier kills.  When you
have reached the text you are looking for, you can just go away and
leave it there.  If you M-y enough times, you come back to the
starting point (the most recent kill).

>> Kill a line, move around, kill another line.
   Then do C-y to get back the second killed line.
   Then do M-y and it will be replaced by the first killed line.
   Do more M-y's and see what you get.  Keep doing them until
   the second kill line comes back, and then a few more.
   If you like, you can try giving M-y positive and negative
   arguments.


UNDO
----

Any time you make a change to the text and wish you had not done so,
you can undo the change (return the text to its previous state)
with the undo command, C-x u.  Normally, C-x u undoes one command's
worth of changes; if you repeat the C-x u several times in a row,
each time undoes one more command.  There are two exceptions:
commands that made no change (just moved the cursor) do not count,
and self-inserting characters are often lumped together in groups
of up to 20.  This is to reduce the number of C-x u's you have to type.

>> Kill this line with C-k, then type C-x u and it should reappear.

C-_ is another command for undoing; it is just the same as C-x u
but easier to type several times in a row.  The problem with C-_ is
that on some keyboards it is not obvious how to type it.  That is
why C-x u is provided as well.  On some DEC terminals, you can type
C-_ by typing / while holding down CTRL.  Illogical, but what can
you expect from DEC?

Giving a numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u is equivalent to repeating
it as many times as the argument says.


FILES
-----

In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a
file.  Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goes
away.  You put your editing in a file by "finding" the file.  What
finding means is that you see the contents of the file in your Emacs;
and, loosely speaking, what you are editing is the file itself.
However, the changes still don't become permanent until you "save" the
file.  This is so you can have control to avoid leaving a half-changed
file around when you don't want to.  Even then, Emacs leaves the
original file under a changed name in case your changes turn out
to be a mistake.

If you look near the bottom of the screen you will see a line that
begins and ends with dashes, and contains the string "Emacs: TUTORIAL".
Your copy of the Emacs tutorial is called "TUTORIAL".  Whatever
file you find, that file's name will appear in that precise
spot.

The commands for finding and saving files are unlike the other
commands you have learned in that they consist of two characters.
They both start with the character Control-x.  There is a whole series
of commands that start with Control-x; many of them have to do with
files, buffers, and related things, and all of them consist of
Control-x followed by some other character.

Another thing about the command for finding a file is that you have
to say what file name you want.  We say the command "reads an argument
from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of the
file).  After you type the command

	C-x C-f   Find a file

Emacs asks you to type the file name.  It echoes on the bottom
line of the screen.  You are using the minibuffer now!  this is
what the minibuffer is for.  When you type <Return> to end the
file name, the minibuffer is no longer needed, so it disappears.

>> Type C-x C-f, then type C-g.  This cancels the minibuffer,
   and also cancels the C-x C-f command that was using the
   minibuffer.  So you do not find any file.

In a little while the file contents appear on the screen.  You can
edit the contents.  When you wish to make the changes permanent,
issue the command

	C-x C-s   Save the file

The contents of Emacs are written into the file.  The first time you
do this, the original file is renamed to a new name so that it
is not lost.  The new name is made by appending "~" to the end
of the original file's name.

When saving is finished, Emacs prints the name of the file written.
You should save fairly often, so that you will not lose very much
work if the system should crash.

>> Type C-x C-s, saving your copy of the tutorial.
   This should print "Wrote .../TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen.
   On VMS it will print "Wrote ...[...]TUTORIAL."

To make a new file, just find it "as if" it already existed.  Then
start typing in the text.  When you ask to "save" the file, Emacs
will really create the file with the text that you have inserted.
From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an already
existing file.


BUFFERS
-------

If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remains
inside Emacs.  You can switch back to it by finding it again with
C-x C-f.  This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs.

The object inside Emacs which holds the text read from one file
is called a "buffer."  Finding a file makes a new buffer inside Emacs.
To see a list of the buffers that exist in Emacs, type

	C-x C-b   List buffers

>> Try C-x C-b now.

See how each buffer has a name, and it may also have a file name
for the file whose contents it holds.  Some buffers do not correspond
to files.  For example, the buffer named "*Buffer List*" does
not have any file.  It is the buffer which contains the buffer
list that was made by C-x C-b.  ANY text you see in an Emacs window
has to be in some buffer.

>> Type C-x 1 to get rid of the buffer list.

If you make changes to the text of one file, then find another file,
this does not save the first file.  Its changes remain inside Emacs,
in that file's buffer.  The creation or editing of the second file's
buffer has no effect on the first file's buffer.  This is very useful,
but it also means that you need a convenient way to save the first
file's buffer.  It would be a nuisance to have to switch back to
it with C-x C-f in order to save it with C-x C-s.  So we have

	C-x s     Save some buffers

C-x s goes through the list of all the buffers you have
and finds the ones that contain files you have changed.
For each such buffer, C-x s asks you whether to save it.


EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET
-------------------------

There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be put
on all the control and meta characters.  Emacs gets around this with
the X (eXtend) command.  This comes in two flavors:

	C-x	Character eXtend.  Followed by one character.
	M-x	Named command eXtend.  Followed by a long name.

These are commands that are generally useful but used less than the
commands you have already learned about.  You have already seen two
of them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save.
Another example is the command to tell Emacs that you'd like to stop
editing and get rid of Emacs.  The command to do this is C-x C-c.
(Don't worry; it offers to save each changed file before it kills the
Emacs.)

C-z is the usual way to exit Emacs, because it is always better not to
kill the Emacs if you are going to do any more editing.  On systems
which allow it, C-z exits from Emacs to the shell but does not destroy
the Emacs; if you use the C shell, you can resume Emacs with the `fg'
command (or, more generally, with `%emacs', which works even if your
most recent job was some other).  On systems where suspending is not
possible, C-z creates a subshell running under Emacs to give you the
chance to run other programs and return to Emacs afterward, but it
does not truly "exit" from Emacs.  In this case, the shell command
`exit' is the usual way to get back to Emacs from the subshell.

You would use C-x C-c if you were about to log out.  You would
also use it to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handling programs
and other random utilities, since they may not believe you have
really finished using the Emacs if it continues to exist.

There are many C-x commands.  The ones you know are:

	C-x C-f		Find file.
	C-x C-s		Save file.
	C-x C-b		List buffers.
	C-x C-c		Quit Emacs.
	C-x u		Undo.

Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even less
frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes.  These
commands are usually called "functions".  An example is the function
replace-string, which globally replaces one string with another.  When
you type M-x, Emacs prompts you at the bottom of the screen with
M-x and you should type the name of the function you wish to call; in
this case, "replace-string".  Just type "repl s<TAB>" and Emacs will
complete the name.  End the command name with <Return>.
Then type the two "arguments"--the string to be replaced, and the string
to replace it with--each one ended with a Return.

>> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one.
   Then type M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>.

   Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced
   the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occured
   after the cursor.


MODE LINE
---------

If Emacs sees that you are typing commands slowly it shows them to you
at the bottom of the screen in an area called the "echo area."  The echo
area contains the bottom line of the screen.  The line immediately above
it is called the MODE LINE.  The mode line says something like

--**--Emacs: TUTORIAL		    (Fundamental)----58%-------------

This is a very useful "information" line.

You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have
found.  What the --NN%-- means is that NN percent of the file is
above the top of the screen.  If the top of the file is on the screen,
it will say --TOP-- instead of --00%--.  If the bottom of the file is
on the screen, it will say --BOT--.  If you are looking at a file so
small it all fits on the screen, it says --ALL--.

The stars near the front mean that you have made changes to the text.
Right after you visit or save a file, there are no stars, just dashes.

The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you what
modes you are in.  The default mode is Fundamental which is what you
are in now.  It is an example of a "major mode".  There are several
major modes in Emacs for editing different languages and text, such as
Lisp mode, Text mode, etc.  At any time one and only one major mode is
active, and its name can always be found in the mode line just where
"Fundamental" is now.  Each major mode makes a few commands behave
differently.  For example, there are commands for creating comments in
a program, and since each programming language has a different idea of
what a comment should look like, each major mode has to insert
comments differently.  Each major mode is the name of an extended
command, which is how you get into the mode.  For example,
M-X fundamental-mode is how to get into Fundamental mode.

If you are going to be editing English text, such as this file, you
should probably use Text Mode.
>> Type M-x text-mode<Return>.

Don't worry, none of the commands you have learned changes Emacs in
any great way.  But you can now observe that periods are no longer
part of words when you do M-f or M-b!  Major modes are usually like
that: commands don't change into completely unrelated things, but they
work a little bit differently.

To get documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m.

>> Use C-u C-v once or more to bring this line near the top of screen.
>> Type C-h m, to see how Text mode differs from Fundamental mode.
>> Type C-x 1 to remove the documentation from the screen.

Major modes are called major because there are also minor modes.
They are called minor because they aren't alternatives to the major
modes, just minor modifications of them.  Each minor mode can be
turned on or off by itself, regardless of what major mode you are in,
and regardless of the other minor modes.  So you can use no minor
modes, or one minor mode, or any combination of several minor modes.

One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing English
text, is Auto Fill mode.  When this mode is on, Emacs breaks the line
in between words automatically whenever the line gets too long.  You
can turn this mode on by doing M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>.  When the
mode is on, you can turn it off by doing M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>.
If the mode is off, this function turns it on, and if the mode is on,
this function turns it off.  This is called "toggling".

>> Type M-x auto-fill-mode<Return> now.  Then insert a line of "asdf "
   over again until you see it divide into two lines.  You must put in
   spaces between them because Auto Fill breaks lines only at spaces.

The margin is usually set at 70 characters, but you can change it
with the C-x f command.  You should give the margin setting you want
as a numeric argument.

>> Type C-x f with an argument of 20.  (C-u 2 0 C-x f).
   Then type in some text and see Emacs fill lines of 20
   characters with it.  Then set the margin back to 70 using
   C-x f again.

If you makes changes in the middle of a paragraph, Auto Fill mode
does not re-fill it for you.
To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (Meta-q) with the cursor inside
that paragraph.

>> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q.

SEARCHING
---------

Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous
characters or words) either forward through the file or backward
through it.  To search for the string means that you are trying to
locate it somewhere in the file and have Emacs show you where the
occurrences of the string exist.  This type of search is somewhat
different from what you may be familiar with.  It is a search that is
performed as you type in the thing to search for.  The command to
initiate a search is C-s for forward search, and C-r for reverse
search.  BUT WAIT!  Don't do them now.  When you type C-s you'll
notice that the string "I-search" appears as a prompt in the echo
area.  This tells you that Emacs is in what is called an incremental
search waiting for you to type the thing that you want to search for.
<ESC> terminates a search.

>> Now type C-s to start a search.  SLOWLY, one letter at a time,
   type the word 'cursor', pausing after you type each
   character to notice what happens to the cursor.
>> Type C-s to find the next occurrence of "cursor".
>> Now type <Rubout> four times and see how the cursor moves.
>> Type <ESC> to terminate the search.

Did you see what happened?  Emacs, in an incremental search, tries to
go to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far.  To go
to the next occurrence of 'cursor' just type C-s again.  If no such
occurrence exists Emacs beeps and tells you that it is a failing
search.  C-g would also terminate the search.

If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Rubout>,
you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased
and the search backs up to the last place of the search.  For
instance, suppose you currently have typed 'cu' and you see that your
cursor is at the first occurrence of 'cu'.  If you now type <Rubout>,
the 'u' on the search line is erased and you'll be repositioned in the
text to the occurrence of 'c' where the search took you before you
typed the 'u'.  This provides a useful means for backing up while you
are searching.

If you are in the middle of a search and happen to type a control
character (other than a C-s or C-r, which tell Emacs to search for the
next occurrence of the string), the search is terminated.

The C-s starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the search
string AFTER the current cursor position.  But what if you want to
search for something earlier in the text?  To do this, type C-r for
Reverse search.  Everything that applies to C-s applies to C-r except
that the direction of the search is reversed.


RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS
------------------------

Sometimes you will get into what is called a "recursive editing
level".  This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line,
surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name.  For
example, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental).

To get out of the recursive editing level, type
  M-x top-level<Return>.

>> Try that now; it should display "Back to top level"
   at the bottom of the screen.

In fact, you were ALREADY at top level (not inside a recursive editing
level) if you have obeyed instructions.  M-x top-level does not care;
it gets out of any number of recursive editing levels, perhaps zero,
to get back to top level.

You can't use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level because C-g
is used for discarding numeric arguments and partially typed commands
WITHIN the recursive editing level.


GETTING MORE HELP
-----------------

In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to
get you started using Emacs.  There is so much available in Emacs that
it would be impossible to explain it all here.  However, you may want
to learn more about Emacs since it has numerous desirable features
that you don't know about yet.  Emacs has a great deal of internal
documentation.  All of these commands can be accessed through
the character Control-h, which we call "the Help character"
because of the function it serves.

To use the HELP features, type the C-h character, and then a
character saying what kind of help you want.  If you are REALLY lost,
type C-h ? and Emacs will tell you what kinds of help it can give.
If you have typed C-h and decide you don't want any help, just
type C-G to cancel it.

The most basic HELP feature is C-h c.  Type C-h, a c, and a
command character or sequence, and Emacs displays a very brief
description of the command.

>> Type C-h c Control-p.
  The message should be something like

	C-p runs the command previous-line

This tells you the "name of the function".  That is important in
writing Lisp code to extend Emacs; it also is enough to remind
you of what the command does if you have seen it before but did
not remember.

Multi-character commands such as C-x C-s and (if you have no META or
EDIT key) <ESC>v are also allowed after C-h c.

To get more information on the command, use C-h k instead of C-h c.

>> Type C-h k Control-p.

This displays the documentation of the function, as well as its name,
in an Emacs window.  When you are finished reading the output, type
C-x 1 to get rid of the help text.  You do not have to do this right
away.  You can do some editing based on the help text before you type
C-x 1.

Here are some other useful C-h options:

   C-h f	Describe a function.  You type in the name of the
		function.

>> Try typing C-h f previous-line<Return>.
   This prints all the information Emacs has about the
   function which implements the C-P command.

   C-h a	Command Apropos.  Type in a keyword and Emacs will list
		all the commands whose names contain that keyword.
		These commands can all be invoked with Meta-x.
		For some commands, Command Apropos will also list a one
		or two character sequence which has the same effect.

>> Type C-h a file<Return>.  You will see a list of all M-x commands
with "file" in their names.  You will also see commands
like C-x C-f and C-x C-w, listed beside the command names
find-file and write-file.


CONCLUSION
----------

Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c.  To exit to a shell
temporarily, so that you can come back in, use C-z.

This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if
you found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain!


COPYING
-------

This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials
starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs.

This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and
comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:

Copyright (c) 1985 Free Software Foundation

   Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
   of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
   copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
   and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
   for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.

   Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
   of this document, or of portions of it,
   under the above conditions, provided also that they
   carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.

The conditions for copying Emacs itself are slightly different
but in the same spirit.  Please read the file COPYING and then
do give copies of GNU Emacs to your friends.
Help stamp out software obstructionism ("ownership") by using,
writing, and sharing free software!
@


1.1.1.1
log
@import emacs-18.59
@
text
@@


1.1.1.2
log
@import emacs-19.7
@
text
@d38 2
a39 2
* SUMMARY
---------
d55 2
a56 2
* BASIC CURSOR CONTROL
----------------------
a182 7
If you are using X Windows, there is probably a rectangular area
called a scroll bar at the right hand side of the Emacs window.  You
can scroll the text by clicking the mouse in the scroll bar.

>> Try pressing the middle button at the top of the highlighted area
within the scroll bar, then moving the mouse while holding that button
down.
d184 2
a185 7
>> Move the mouse to a point in the scroll bar about three lines from
the top, and click the left button a couple of times.  Then try the
right button a couple of times.


* WHEN EMACS IS HUNG
--------------------
d210 2
a211 2
* WINDOWS
---------
d233 2
a234 2
* INSERTING AND DELETING
------------------------
d299 1
a299 1
For instance, type C-n a couple times to position the cursor
d346 2
a347 2
* UNDO
------
d371 2
a372 2
* FILES
-------
d440 2
a441 2
* BUFFERS
---------
d479 2
a480 2
* EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET
---------------------------
d536 1
a536 1
   the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurred
d540 2
a541 2
* MODE LINE
-----------
d548 1
a548 1
----**--Emacs: TUTORIAL		    (Fundamental)----58%-------------
d581 4
a584 4
any great way.  But you can observe that apostrophes are now part of
words when you do M-f or M-b.  Major modes are usually like that:
commands don't change into completely unrelated things, but they work
a little bit differently.
d627 2
a628 2
* SEARCHING
-----------
d678 2
a679 54
* MULTIPLE WINDOWS
------------------

One of the nice features of Emacs is that you can display more than one
window on the screen at the same time.

>> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.

>> Now type C-x 2 which splits the screen into two windows.
   Both windows display this tutorial.  The cursor stays in the top window.

>> Type C-M-v to scroll the bottom window.

>> Type C-x o ("o" for "other") to move the cursor to the bottom window.
>> Use C-v and M-v in the bottom window to scroll it.
   Keep reading these directions in the top window.

>> Type C-x o again to move the cursor back to the top window.
   The cursor is still just where it was in the top window before.

You can keep using C-x o to switch between the windows.  Each
window has its own cursor position, but only one window actually
shows the cursor.  All the ordinary editing commands apply to the
window that the cursor is in.

The command C-M-v is very useful when you are editing text in one
window and using the other window just for reference.  You can keep
the cursor always in the window where you are editing, and edit
there as you advance through the other window.

>> Type C-x 1 (in the top window) to get rid of the bottom window.

(If you had typed C-x 1 in the bottom window, that would get rid
of the top one.  Think of this command as "Keep just one
window--the window I am already in.")

You don't have to display the same buffer in both windows.  If
you use C-x C-f to find a file in one window, the other window
doesn't change.  You can pick a file in each window
independently.

Here is another way to use two windows to display two different
things:

>> Type C-x 4 C-f followed by the name of one of your files.
   End with <RETURN>.  See the specified file appear in the bottom
   window.  The cursor goes there, too.

>> Type C-x o to go back to the top window, and C-x 1 to delete
   the bottom window.


* RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS
--------------------------
d702 2
a703 2
* GETTING MORE HELP
-------------------
d741 5
a745 5
This displays the documentation of the function, as well as its
name, in an Emacs window.  When you are finished reading the
output, type C-x 1 to get rid of the help text.  You do not have
to do this right away.  You can do some editing while referring
to the help text and then type C-x 1.
d762 4
a765 10
>> Type C-h a file<Return>.

This displays in another window a list of all M-x commands with
"file" in their names.  You will also see commands like C-x C-f
and C-x C-w, listed beside the command names find-file and
write-file.

>> Type C-M-v to scroll the help window.  Do this a few times.

>> Type C-x 1 to delete the help window.
d768 2
a769 2
* CONCLUSION
------------
@


1.1.1.3
log
@import emacs-19.18
@
text
@d47 2
a48 1
		 (That's control-L, not control-1.)
d560 1
a560 1
--**-Emacs: TUTORIAL          (Fundamental)--58%----------------------
d567 3
a569 3
it will say --Top-- instead of --00%--.  If the bottom of the file is
on the screen, it will say --Bot--.  If you are looking at a file so
small it all fits on the screen, it says --All--.
d586 1
a586 1
M-x fundamental-mode is how to get into Fundamental mode.
d654 1
a654 1
<RET> terminates a search.
d661 1
a661 1
>> Type <RET> to terminate the search.
d679 3
a681 3
If you are in the middle of a search and type a control or meta
character (with a few exceptions--characters that are special in
a search, such as C-s and C-r), the search is terminated.
d782 1
a782 1
type C-g to cancel it.
d818 1
a818 1
   function which implements the C-p command.
@


1.1.1.4
log
@import emacs-19.23
@
text
@a700 1
   (If you don't have a real Meta key, type ESC C-v.)
a782 5
(Some sites rebind the character C-h.  They really shouldn't do this
as a blanket measure, so complain to the operator.  Meanwhile, if C-h
does not display a message about help at the bottom of the screen, try
typing M-x help RET instead.)

@


1.1.1.5
log
@import emacs-19.26
@
text
@a443 7
NOTE: On some systems, typing C-x C-s will freeze the screen and you
will see no further output from Emacs.  This indicates that an
operating system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the
C-s and not letting it get through to Emacs.  To unfreeze the screen,
type C-q.  Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental
Search" in the Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".

a667 7
NOTE: On some systems, typing C-s will freeze the screen and you will
see no further output from Emacs.  This indicates that an operating
system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the C-s and not
letting it get through to Emacs.  To unfreeze the screen, type C-q.
Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" in the
Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".

@


1.1.1.6
log
@import emacs-19.29
@
text
@d15 1
a15 1
	  key labelled "ESC".
d252 4
a255 6
You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Delete>.
<Delete> is a key on the keyboard, which may be labeled "Del".  In
some cases, the "Backspace" key serves as <Delete>, but not always!

More generally, <Delete> deletes the character immediately before the
current cursor position.
d258 1
a258 1
   by typing <Delete> a few times.  Don't worry about this file
d267 1
a267 1
>> Use <Delete>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen
d270 1
a270 1
>> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Delete>.  This
d285 1
a285 1
	<Delete>     delete the character just before the cursor
d288 1
a288 1
	M-<Delete>   kill the word immediately before the cursor
d294 2
a295 2
Notice that <Delete> and C-d vs M-<Delete> and M-d extend the parallel
started by C-f and M-f (well, <Delete> isn't really a control
d515 15
a529 18
C-z is the command to exit Emacs *temporarily*--so that you can go
back to the same Emacs session afterward.

On systems which allow it, C-z exits from Emacs to the shell but does
not destroy the Emacs; if you use the C shell, you can resume Emacs
with the `fg' command (or, more generally, with `%emacs', which works
even if your most recent job was some other).  On systems which don't
implement suspending, C-z creates a subshell running under Emacs to
give you the chance to run other programs and return to Emacs
afterward; it does not truly "exit" from Emacs.  In this case, the
shell command `exit' is the usual way to get back to Emacs from the
subshell.

The time to use C-x C-c is when you are about to log out.  It's also
the right thing to use to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handling
programs and other random utilities, since they may not know how to
cope with suspension of Emacs.  On other occasions, use C-z, and
resume the Emacs when you have more editing to do.
a557 18
* AUTO SAVE
-----------

When you have made changes in a file, but you have not saved them yet,
they could be lost if your computer crashes.  To protect you from
this, Emacs writes "auto save" files periodically.  The auto save file
name has a # at the beginning and the end; for example, if your file
is named "hello.c", its auto save file's name is "#hello.c#".  When
you save the file in the normal way, its auto save file is no longer
necessary so Emacs deletes it.

If the computer crashes, you can recover your auto-saved editing by
finding the file normally (the file you were editing, not the auto
save file) and then typing M-x recover file<return>.  When it asks for
confirmation, type yes<return> to go ahead and recover the auto-save
data.


d666 1
a666 1
>> Now type <Delete> four times and see how the cursor moves.
d682 1
a682 1
If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Delete>,
d686 1
a686 1
cursor is at the first occurrence of 'cu'.  If you now type <Delete>,
@


1.1.1.7
log
@import emacs-19.30
@
text
@d6 1
a6 1
CTRL or CTL) or the META key (sometimes labelled EDIT or ALT).  Rather than
d12 2
a13 2
 M-<chr>  means hold the META or EDIT or ALT key down while typing <chr>.
	  If there is no META key or equivalent, type <ESC>, release it,
d208 9
a216 8
If you type <ESC> : then you get a new window appearing on the screen,
telling you that M-: is a "disabled command" and asking whether you
really want to execute it.  The command M-: is marked as disabled
because we expect it would confuse beginners and you probably don't
want to use it until you know more about Emacs.  If you really want to
try the M-: command, you could type a Space in answer to the question,
and M-: would go ahead.  Normally, if you do not want to execute M-:,
you would type "n" to answer the question.
d218 1
a218 1
>> Type <ESC> :, then type n.
a756 10
C-M-v is an example of a CONTROL-META character.  If you have a real
META key, you can type C-M-v by holding down both CTRL and META while
typing v.

It doesn't matter whether CTRL or META "comes first," because both of
these keys act by modifying the characters you type.  But if you don't
have a real META key, and you use ESC instead, the order does matter:
you must type ESC followed by CTRL-v; CTRL-ESC v will not work.  This
is because ESC is a character in its own right, not a modifier key.

@


1.1.1.8
log
@import emacs-19.31
@
text
@d2 1
d5 4
a8 3
Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labeled
CTRL or CTL) or the META key (sometimes labeled EDIT or ALT).  Rather than
write that in full each time, we'll use the following abbreviations:
d13 3
a15 2
	  If there is no META, EDIT or ALT key, instead press and release the
	  ESC key and then type <chr>.  We write <ESC> for the ESC key.
@


1.1.1.9
log
@import emacs-19.32
@
text
@d793 2
a794 3
To get out of the recursive editing level, type ESC ESC ESC.  That is
an all-purpose "get out" command.  You can also use it for eliminating
extra windows, and getting out of the minibuffer.
d796 7
a802 1
>> Type M-x to get into a minibuffer; then type ESC ESC ESC to get out.
d805 2
a806 2
is used for canceling commands and arguments WITHIN the recursive
editing level.
@


1.1.1.10
log
@import emacs-20.1
@
text
@d19 2
a20 2
	(go ahead, do it by holding down the control key while typing v).
	From now on, you should do this again whenever you finish
d23 2
a24 3
Note that there is an overlap of two lines when you move from screen
to screen; this provides some continuity so you can continue reading
the text.
d26 5
a30 4
The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from place
to place in the text.  You already know how to move forward one screen,
with C-v.  To move backwards one screen, type M-v (hold down the META key
and type v, or type <ESC>v if you do not have a META, EDIT, or ALT key).
d32 1
a32 1
>>  Try typing M-v and then C-v, a few times.
d42 2
a43 3
	C-l	Clear screen and redisplay all the text,
		 moving the text around the cursor
		 to the center of the screen.
d46 3
a48 4
>> Find the cursor, and note what text is near it.
   Then type C-l.
   Find the cursor again and notice that the same text
   is near the cursor now.
d54 8
a61 8
Moving from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you
move to a specific place within the text on the screen?

There are several ways you can do this.  The most basic way is to use
the commands C-p, C-b, C-f, and C-n.  Each of these commands moves the
cursor one row or column in a particular direction on the screen.
Here is a table showing these four commands and shows the directions
they move:
d69 1
a69 1
			    Next line, C-n
d72 1
a72 2
   using C-n or C-p.  Then type C-l to see the whole diagram
   centered in the screen.
d74 4
a77 4
You'll probably find it easy to think of these by letter: P for
previous, N for next, B for backward and F for forward.  These are the
basic cursor positioning commands, and you'll be using them ALL the
time, so it would be of great benefit if you learn them now.
d84 11
a94 19
Each of text line ends with a Newline character, which serves to
separate it from the following line.  The last line in your file ought
to have a Newline at the end (but Emacs does not require it to have
one).

>> Try to C-b at the beginning of a line.  It should move to
   the end of the previous line.  This is because it moves back
   across the Newline character.

C-f can move across a Newline just like C-b.

>> Do a few more C-b's, so you get a feel for where the cursor is.
   Then do C-f's to return to the end of the line.
   Then do one more C-f to move to the following line.

When you move past the top or bottom of the screen, the text beyond
the edge shifts onto the screen.  This is called "scrolling".  It
enables Emacs to move the cursor to the specified place in the text
without moving it off the screen.
d96 1
a96 1
>> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the screen with C-n, and
d102 1
a102 9
>> Type a few M-f's and M-b's.

When you are in the middle of a word, M-f moves to the end of the word.
When you are in whitespace between words, M-f moves to the end of the
following word.  M-b works likewise in the opposite direction.

>> Type M-f and M-b a few times, interspersed with C-f's and C-b's
   so that you can observe the action of M-f and M-b from various
   places inside and between words.
d106 5
a110 7
operations related to the units defined by language (words, sentences,
paragraphs), while Control characters operate on basic units that are
independent of what you are editing (characters, lines, etc).

This parallel applies between lines and sentences: C-a and C-e move to
the beginning or end of a line, and M-a and M-e move to the beginning
or end of a sentence.
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See how repeated C-a's do nothing, but repeated M-a's keep moving one
more sentence.  Although these are not quite analogous, each one seems
natural.
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Here is a summary of simple cursor-moving operations, including the
word and sentence moving commands:
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   These are the most often used commands.

Two other important cursor motion commands are M-< (Meta Less-than),
which moves to the beginning of the whole text, and M-> (Meta
Greater-than), which moves to the end of the whole text.

On most terminals, the "<" is above the comma, so you must use the
shift key to type it.  On these terminals you must use the shift key
to type M-< also; without the shift key, you would be typing M-comma.

>> Try M-< now, to move to the beginning of the tutorial.
   Then use C-v repeatedly to move back here.

>> Try M-> now, to move to the end of the tutorial.
   Then use M-v repeatedly to move back here.

You can also move the cursor with the arrow keys, if your terminal has
arrow keys.  We recommend learning C-b, C-f, C-n and C-p for three
reasons.  First, they work on all kinds of terminals.  Second, once
you gain practice at using Emacs, you will find that typing these CTRL
characters is faster than typing the arrow keys (because you do not
have to move your hands away from touch-typing position).  Third, once
you form the habit of using these CTRL character commands, you can
easily learn to use other advanced cursor motion commands as well.

Most Emacs commands accept a numeric argument; for most commands, this
serves as a repeat-count.  The way you give a command a repeat count
is by typing C-u and then the digits before you type the command.  If
you have a META (or EDIT or ALT) key, there is another alternative way
to enter a numeric argument: type the digits while holding down the
META key.  We recommend learning the C-u method because it works on
any terminal.
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>> Try using C-n or C-p with a numeric argument, to move the cursor
   to a line near this one with just one command.
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Most commands use the numeric argument as a repeat count.  Certain
exceptional commands use it differently.  C-v and M-v are among the
exceptions.  When given an argument, they scroll the screen up or down
by that many lines, rather than by a screenfuls.  For example, C-u 4
C-v scrolls the screen by 4 lines.
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This should have scrolled the screen up by 8 lines.  If you would like
to scroll it down again, you can give an argument to M-v.
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If you are using X Windows, there should be a tall rectangular area
called a scroll bar at the left hand side of the Emacs window.  You
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   within the scroll bar.  This should scroll the text to a position
   determined by how high or low you click.
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>> Try moving the mouse up and down, while holding the middle button
   pressed down.  You'll see that the text scrolls up and down as
   you move the mouse.
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If Emacs stops responding to your commands, you can stop it safely by
typing C-g.  You can use C-g to stop a command which is taking too
long to execute.

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a command that you do not want to finish.
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   Now type C-f.  It should move just one character,
   because you canceled the argument with C-g.
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If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of it
with a C-g.


* DISABLED COMMANDS
-------------------

Some Emacs commands are "disabled" so that beginning users cannot use
them by accident.

If you type one of the disabled commands, Emacs displays a message
saying what the command was, and asking you whether you want to go
ahead and execute the command.

If you really want to try the command, type Space in answer to the
question.  Normally, if you do not want to execute the disabled
command, answer the question with "n".

>> Type <ESC> : (which is a disabled command),
   then type n to answer the question.
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Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text.  We will
explain later on how to use multiple windows.  Right now we want to
explain how to get rid of extra windows and go back to basic
one-window editing.  It is simple:
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That is Control-x followed by the digit 1.  C-x 1 expands the window
which contains the cursor, to occupy the full screen.  It deletes all
other windows.
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If you want to insert text, just type the text.  Characters which you
can see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted
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>> Do this now--type a few characters, then delete them
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   being changed; you will not alter the master tutorial.  This is
   your personal copy of it.

When a line of text gets too big for one line on the screen, the line
of text is "continued" onto a second screen line.  A backslash ("\")
at the right margin indicates a line which has been continued.

>> Insert text until you reach the right margin, and keep on inserting.
   You'll see a continuation line appear.
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You can delete a Newline character just like any other character.
Deleting the Newline character between two lines merges them into
one line.  If the resulting combined line is too long to fit in the
screen width, it will be displayed with a continuation line.

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   merges that line with the previous line.

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this includes text characters.  Repeating a text character inserts
it several times.
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>>  Try that now -- type C-u 8 * to insert ********.
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started by C-f and M-f (well, <Delete> is not really a control
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When you delete more than one character at a time, Emacs saves the
deleted text so that you can bring it back.  Bringing back killed text
is called "yanking".  You can yank the killed text either at the same
place where it was killed, or at some other place in the text.  You
can yank the text several times in order to make multiple copies of
it.  The command to yank is C-y.

Note that the difference between "Killing" and "Deleting" something is
that "Killed" things can be yanked back, and "Deleted" things cannot.
Generally, the commands that can remove a lot of text save the text,
while the commands that delete just one character, or just blank lines
and spaces, do not save the deleted text.

>> Move the cursor to the  beginning of a line which is not empty.
   Then type C-k to kill the text on that line.
>> Type C-k a second time.  You'll see that it kills the Newline
   which follows that line.
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C-k kills the line itself, and make all the other lines move up.  C-k
treats a numeric argument specially: it kills that many lines AND
their contents.  This is not mere repetition.  C-u 2 C-k kills two
lines and their newlines; typing C-k twice would not do that.

To retrieve the last killed text and put it where the cursor currently
is, type C-y.
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Think of C-y as if you were yanking something back that someone took
away from you.  Notice that if you do several C-k's in a row, all of
the killed text is saved together, so that one C-y will yank all of
the lines.
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M-y replaces that yanked text with the previous kill.  Typing M-y
again and again brings in earlier and earlier kills.  When you have
reached the text you are looking for, you do not have to do anything to
keep it.  Just go on with your editing, leaving the yanked text where
it is.

If you M-y enough times, you come back to the starting point (the most
recent kill).
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If you make a change to the text, and then decide that it was a
mistake, you can undo the change with the undo command, C-x u.

Normally, C-x u undoes the changes made by one command; if you repeat
the C-x u several times in a row, each repetition undoes one
additional command.

But there are two exceptions: commands that do not change the text do
not count (this includes cursor motion commands and scrolling
command), and self-inserting characters are usually handled in groups
of up to 20.  (This is to reduce the number of C-x u's you have to
type to undo insertion of text.)
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C-_ is an alternative undo command; it works just the same as C-x u,
but it is easier to type several times in a row.  The disadvantage of
C-_ is that on some keyboards it is not obvious how to type it.  That
is why we provide C-x u as well.  On some terminals, you can type C-_
by typing / while holding down CTRL.
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A numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u acts as a repeat count.
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away.  You put your editing in a file by "finding" the file.  (This is
also called "visiting" the file.)

Finding a file means that you see the contents of the file within
Emacs.  In many ways, it is as if you were editing the file itself.
However, the changes you make using Emacs do not become permanent
until you "save" the file.  This is so you can avoid leaving a
half-changed file on the system when you do not want to.  Even when
you save, Emacs leaves the original file under a changed name in case
you later decide that your changes were a mistake.
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begins and ends with dashes, and starts with "--:-- TUTORIAL" or
something like that.  This part of the screen normally shows the name
of the file that you are visiting.  Right now, you are visiting a file
called "TUTORIAL" which is your personal scratch copy of the Emacs
tutorial.  When you find a file with Emacs, that file's name will
appear in that precise spot.
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files, buffers, and related things.  These commands are two, three or
four characters long.
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Emacs asks you to type the file name.  The file name you type appears
on the bottom line of the screen.  The bottom line is called the
minibuffer when it is used for this sort of input.  You can use
ordinary Emacs editing commands to edit the file name.

While you are entering the file name (or any minibuffer input),
you can cancel the command with C-g.
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When you have finished entering the file name, type <Return> to
terminate it.  Then C-x C-f command goes to work, and finds the file
you chose.  The minibuffer disappears when the C-x C-f command is
finished.

In a little while the file contents appear on the screen, and you can
edit the contents.  When you wish to make your changes permanent,
type the command
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This copies the text within Emacs into the file.  The first time you
do this, Emacs renames the original file to a new name so that it is
not lost.  The new name is made by adding "~" to the end of the
original file's name.
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   This should print "Wrote ...TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen.
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You can find an existing file, to view it or edit it.  You can also
find a file which does not already exist.  This is the way to create a
file with Emacs: find the file, which will start out empty, and then
begin inserting the text for the file.  When you ask to "save" the
file, Emacs will really create the file with the text that you have
inserted.  From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an
already existing file.
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>> Create a file named "foo" by typing  C-x C-f foo <Return>.
   Then insert some text, edit it, and save "foo" by typing  C-x C-s.
   Finally, type C-x C-f TUTORIAL <Return>
   to come back to the tutorial.

Emacs stores each file's text inside an object called a "buffer."
Finding a file makes a new buffer inside Emacs.  To see a list of the
buffers that current exist in your Emacs job, type
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is always part of some buffer.
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C-x s asks you about each buffer which contains changes that you have
not saved.  It asks you, for each such buffer, whether to save the
buffer.

>> Insert a line of text, then type C-x s.
   It should ask you whether to save the buffer named TUTORIAL.
   Answer yes to the question by typing "y".
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commands you have already learned about.  You have already seen two of
them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save.  Another
example is the command to end the Emacs session--this is the command
C-x C-c.  (Do not worry about losing changes you have made; C-x C-c
offers to save each changed file before it kills the Emacs.)
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On systems which allow it, C-z "suspends" Emacs; that is, it returns
to the shell but does not destroy the Emacs.  In the most common
shells, you can resume Emacs with the `fg' command or with `%emacs'.

On systems which do not implement suspending, C-z creates a subshell
running under Emacs to give you the chance to run other programs and
return to Emacs afterward; it does not truly "exit" from Emacs.  In
this case, the shell command `exit' is the usual way to get back to
Emacs from the subshell.
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programs and other miscellaneous utilities, since they may not know
how to cope with suspension of Emacs.  In ordinary circumstances,
though, if you are not about to log out, it is better to suspend Emacs
with C-z instead of exiting Emacs.
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There are many C-x commands.  Here is a list of the ones you have learned:
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frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes.  An
example is the command replace-string, which globally replaces one
string with another.  When you type M-x, Emacs prompts you at the
bottom of the screen with M-x and you should type the name of the
command; in this case, "replace-string".  Just type "repl s<TAB>" and
Emacs will complete the name.  End the command name with <Return>.

The replace-string command requires two arguments--the string to be
replaced, and the string to replace it with.  You must end each
argument with <Return>.
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   the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurred,
   after the initial position of the cursor.
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this, Emacs periodically writes an "auto save" file for each file that
you are editing.  The auto save file name has a # at the beginning and
the end; for example, if your file is named "hello.c", its auto save
file's name is "#hello.c#".  When you save the file in the normal way,
Emacs deletes its auto save file.
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* ECHO AREA
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area contains the bottom line of the screen.


* MODE LINE
-----------

The line immediately above the echo area it is called the "mode line".
The mode line says something like this:
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--**-Emacs: TUTORIAL          (Fundamental)--L670--58%----------------
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This line gives useful information about the status of Emacs and
the text you are editing.
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found.  -NN%-- indicates your current position in the text; it means
that NN percent of the text is above the top of the screen.  If the
top of the file is on the screen, it will say --Top-- instead of
--00%--.  If the bottom of the text is on the screen, it will say
--Bot--.  If you are looking at text so small that all of it fits on
the screen, the mode line says --All--.
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Right after you visit or save a file, that part of the mode line shows
no stars, just dashes.
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editing modes you are in.  The default mode is Fundamental which is
what you are using now.  It is an example of a "major mode".  

Emacs has many different major modes.  Some of them are meant for
editing different languages and/or kinds of text, such as Lisp mode,
Text mode, etc.  At any time one and only one major mode is active,
and its name can always be found in the mode line just where
"Fundamental" is now.

Each major mode makes a few commands behave differently.  For example,
there are commands for creating comments in a program, and since each
programming language has a different idea of what a comment should
look like, each major mode has to insert comments differently.  Each
major mode is the name of an extended command, which is how you can
switch to that mode.  For example, M-x fundamental-mode is a command to
switch to Fundamental mode.
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any great way.  But you can observe that M-f and M-b now treat
apostrophes as part of words.  Previously, in Fundamental mode,
M-f and M-b treated apostrophes as word-separators.

Major modes usually make subtle changes like that one: most commands
do "the same job" in each major mode, but they work a little bit
differently.
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To view documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m.
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Minor modes are alternatives not to the major modes, just minor
modifications of them.  Each minor mode can be turned on or off by
itself, independent of all other minor modes, and independent of your
major mode.  So you can use no minor modes, or one minor mode, or any
combination of several minor modes.
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in between words automatically whenever you insert text and make a
line that is too wide.

You can turn Auto Fill mode on by doing M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>.
When the mode is on, you can turn it off by doing M-x
auto-fill-mode<Return>.  If the mode is off, this command turns it on,
and if the mode is on, this command turns it off.  We say that the
command "toggles the mode".
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characters or words) either forward through the text or backward
through it.  Searching for a string is a cursor motion command;
it moves the cursor to the next place where that string appears.

The Emacs search command is different from the search commands
of most editors, in that it is "incremental".  This means that the
search happens while you type in the string to search for.

The command to initiate a search is C-s for forward search, and C-r
for reverse search.  BUT WAIT!  Don't try them now.

When you type C-s you'll notice that the string "I-search" appears as
a prompt in the echo area.  This tells you that Emacs is in what is
called an incremental search waiting for you to type the thing that
you want to search for.  <RET> terminates a search.
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   Now you have searched for "cursor", once.
>> Type C-s again, to search for the next occurrence of "cursor".
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go to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far.  To
go to the next occurrence of 'cursor' just type C-s again.  If no such
occurrence exists Emacs beeps and tells you the search is currently
"failing", C-g would also terminate the search.
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instance, suppose you have typed "c", to search for the first
occurrence of "c".  Now if you type "u", the cursor will move
to the first occurrence of "cu".  Now type <Delete>.  This erases
the "u" from the search string, and the cursor moves back to
the first occurrence of "c".
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string AFTER the current cursor position.  If you want to search for
something earlier in the text, type C-r instead.  Everything that we
have said about C-s also applies to C-r, except that the direction of
the search is reversed.
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   (If you do not have a real Meta key, type ESC C-v.)
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   The cursor in the top window is just where it was before.
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window that the cursor is in.  We call this the "selected window".
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the cursor always in the window where you are editing, and advance
through the other window sequentially with C-M-v.
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typing v.  It does not matter whether CTRL or META "comes first,"
because both of these keys act by modifying the characters you type.
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If you do not have a real META key, and you use ESC instead, the order
does matter: you must type ESC followed by CTRL-v; CTRL-ESC v will not
work.  This is because ESC is a character in its own right, not a
modifier key.
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You do not have to display the same buffer in both windows.  If you
use C-x C-f to find a file in one window, the other window does not
change.  You can find a file in each window independently.
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   End with <Return>.  See the specified file appear in the bottom
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You cannot use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level.  This is
because C-g is used for canceling commands and arguments WITHIN the
recursive editing level.
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to learn more about Emacs since it has many other useful features.
Emacs provides commands for reading documentation about Emacs
commands.  These "help" commands all start with the character
Control-h, which is called "the Help character".
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To use the Help features, type the C-h character, and then a
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If you have typed C-h and decide you do not want any help, just
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(Some sites change the meaning of the character C-h.  They really
should not do this as a blanket measure for all users, so you have
grounds to complain to the system administrator.  Meanwhile, if C-h
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typing the F1 key or M-x help RET instead.)
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The most basic HELP feature is C-h c.  Type C-h, the character c, and
a command character or sequence; then Emacs displays a very brief
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This tells you the "name of the function".  Function names are used
mainly for customizing and extending Emacs.  But since function names
are chosen to indicate what the command does, they can serve also as
very brief documentation--sufficient to remind you of commands you
have already learned.
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EDIT or ALT key) <ESC>v are also allowed after C-h c.
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To get more information about a command, use C-h k instead of C-h c.
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to the help text, and then type C-x 1.
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		or two character sequence which runs the same command.
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This displays in another window a list of all M-x commands with "file"
in their names.  You will see character-commands like C-x C-f listed
beside the corresponding command names such as find-file.
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temporarily, so that you can come back to Emacs afterward, use C-z.
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Copyright (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation
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The conditions for copying Emacs itself are more complex, but in the
same spirit.  Please read the file COPYING and then do give copies of
GNU Emacs to your friends.  Help stamp out software obstructionism
("ownership") by using, writing, and sharing free software!
@


1.1.1.11
log
@import emacs-20.3
@
text
@d182 1
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you gain practice at using Emacs, you will find that typing these Control
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a185 1
you form the habit of using these Control character commands, you can
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any terminal.  The numeric argument is also called a "prefix argument",
because you type the argument before the command it applies to.
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Most commands use the numeric argument as a repeat count, but some
commands use it in some other way.  Several commands (but none of
those you have learned so far) use it as a flag--the presence of a
prefix argument, regardless of its value, makes the command do
something different.

C-v and M-v are another kind of exception.  When given an argument,
they scroll the screen up or down by that many lines, rather than by a
screenful.  For example, C-u 8 C-v scrolls the screen by 8 lines.
a281 6
This command is unlike the other commands you have learned in that it
consists of two characters.  It starts with the character Control-x.
There is a whole series of commands that start with Control-x; many of
them have to do with windows, files, buffers, and related things.
These commands are two, three or four characters long.

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by typing / while holding down CONTROL.
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away.  In order to put your text in a file, you must "find" the file
before you enter the text.  (This is also called "visiting" the file.)
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a471 4
One special thing about the command for finding a file is that you
have to say what file name you want.  We say the command "reads an
argument from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of
the file).  After you type the command
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Emacs stores each file's text inside an object called a "buffer".
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buffers that currently exist in your Emacs job, type
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save file) and then typing M-x recover file<Return>.  When it asks for
confirmation, type yes<Return> to go ahead and recover the auto-save
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at the bottom of the screen in an area called the "echo area".  The echo
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--:**  TUTORIAL          (Fundamental)--L670--58%----------------
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>> Type M-x text mode<Return>.
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You can turn Auto Fill mode on by doing M-x auto fill mode<Return>.
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auto fill mode<Return>.  If the mode is off, this command turns it on,
d742 1
a742 1
>> Type M-x auto fill mode<Return> now.  Then insert a line of "asdf "
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you want to search for.  <Return> terminates a search.
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>> Type <Return> to terminate the search.
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META key, you can type C-M-v by holding down both CONTROL and META while
typing v.  It does not matter whether CONTROL or META "comes first,"
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does matter: you must type ESC followed by Control-v, because
Control-ESC v will not work.  This is because ESC is a character in
its own right, not a modifier key.
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typing the F1 key or M-x help <Return> instead.)
@


1.1.1.12
log
@import emacs-20.4
@
text
@d62 2
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Here is a table showing these four commands and the directions they
move:
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you have a META (or EDIT or ALT) key, there is another, alternative way
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>> Type C-x C-l (which is a disabled command),
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You can also kill any part of the buffer with one uniform method.
Move to one end of that part, and type C-@@ or C-SPC (either one).
Move to the other end of that part, and type C-w.  That kills
all the text between the two positions.

>> Move the cursor to the Y at the start of the previous paragraph.
>> Type C-SPC.  Emacs should display a message "Mark set"
   at the bottom of the screen.
>> Move the cursor to the n in "end", on the second line of the
   paragraph.
>> Type C-w.  This will kill the text starting from the Y,
   and ending just before the n.

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C-k kills the line itself, and makes all the other lines move up.  C-k
a576 1

a619 1
	C-x 1		Delete all but one window.
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If Emacs sees that you are typing multicharacter commands slowly, it
shows them to you at the bottom of the screen in an area called the
"echo area".  The echo area contains the bottom line of the screen.
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The line immediately above the echo area is called the "mode line".
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Don't worry, none of the  Emacs commands you have learned changes in
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Minor modes are not alternatives to the major modes, just minor
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When the mode is on, you can turn it off again by doing M-x
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If you make changes in the middle of a paragraph, Auto Fill mode
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occurrence exists, Emacs beeps and tells you the search is currently
"failing".  C-g would also terminate the search.
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* COPYING
---------
@


1.1.1.13
log
@import emacs-20.7
@
text
@a701 3
The L and digits indicate position in another way: they give the
current line number of point.

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>> Type C-h c C-p.
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>> Type C-h k C-p.
@


1.1.1.14
log
@import emacs-21.0.103
@
text
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Each line of text ends with a Newline character, which serves to
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If you are using a windowed display, such as X11 or MS-Windows, there
should be a tall rectangular area called a scroll bar at the left hand
side of the Emacs window.  You can scroll the text by clicking the
mouse in the scroll bar.
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(SPC is the Space bar.)  Move to the other end of that part, and type
C-w.  That kills all the text between the two positions.
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The difference between "killing" and "deleting" is that "killed" text
can be reinserted, whereas "deleted" things cannot be reinserted.
Reinsertion of killed text is called "yanking".  Generally, the
commands that can remove a lot of text kill the text (they set up so
that you can yank the text), while the commands that remove just one
character, or just blank lines and spaces, do deletion (so you cannot
yank that text).
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Bringing back killed text is called "yanking".  (Think of it as
yanking back, or pulling back, some text that was taken away.)  You
can yank the killed text either at the same place where it was killed,
or at some other place in the buffer, or even in a different file.
You can yank the text several times, which makes multiple copies of
it.

The command for yanking is C-y.  It reinserts the last killed text,
at the current cursor position.
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If you do several C-k's in a row, all of the killed text is saved
together, so that one C-y will yank all of the lines at once.
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You can undo deletion of text just as you can undo killing of text.
The distinction between killing something and deleting it affects
whether you can yank it with C-y; it makes no difference for undo.

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Emacs will complete the name.  (<TAB> is the Tab key, usually found
above the CapsLock or Shift key near the left edge of the keyboard.)
End the command name with <Return>.
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>> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l (that's control-L, not
   control-1).
@


1.1.1.15
log
@import emacs-21.0.105
@
text
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	(go ahead, do it by holding down the CONTROL key while typing v).
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		 (That's CONTROL-L, not CONTROL-1.)
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(META-f) moves forward a word and M-b moves back a word.
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Two other important cursor motion commands are M-< (META Less-than),
which moves to the beginning of the whole text, and M-> (META
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That is CONTROL-x followed by the digit 1.  C-x 1 expands the window
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>> Type CONTROL-h k CONTROL-f.
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   to display documentation on the CONTROL-f command.
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consists of two characters.  It starts with the character CONTROL-x.
There is a whole series of commands that start with CONTROL-x; many of
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When saving is finished, Emacs displays the name of the file written.
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   This should show "Wrote ...TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen.
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To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (META-q) with the cursor inside
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>> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l (that's CONTROL-L, not
   CONTROL-1).
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   (If you do not have a real META key, type ESC C-v.)
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does matter: you must type ESC followed by CONTROL-v, because
CONTROL-ESC v will not work.  This is because ESC is a character in
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CONTROL-h, which is called "the Help character".
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   This displays all the information Emacs has about the
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A similar command C-h v displays the documentation of variables whose
values you can set to customize Emacs behavior.  You need to type in
the name of the variable when Emacs prompts for it.

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		These commands can all be invoked with META-x.
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   C-h i	Read On-line Manuals (a.k.a. Info).  This command puts
		you into a special buffer called `*info*' where you
		can read on-line manuals for the packages installed on
		your system.  Type m emacs <Return> to read the Emacs
		manual.  If you have never before used Info, type ?
		and Emacs will take you on a guided tour of Info mode
		facilities.  Once you are through with this tutorial,
		you should consult the Emacs Info manual as your
		primary documentation.

@


1.1.1.16
log
@import emacs-21.0.106
@
text
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(or, if you're using a windowed display, a little curved arrow) at the
right margin indicates a line which has been continued.
@


1.1.1.17
log
@import emacs-21.3
@
text
@d1 2
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You are looking at the Emacs tutorial.  See end for copying conditions.
Copyright (c) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation.
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<<Blank lines inserted around following line by help-with-tutorial>>
[Middle of page left blank for didactic purposes.   Text continues below]
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You can also use the PageUp and PageDn keys to move by screenfuls, if
your terminal has them, but you can edit more efficiently if you use
C-v and M-v.

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There are several ways you can do this.  You can use the arrow keys,
but it's more efficient to keep your hands in the standard position
and use the commands C-p, C-b, C-f, and C-n.  These characters
are equivalent to the four arrow keys, like this:

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You'll find it easy to remember these letters by words they stand for:
P for previous, N for next, B for backward and F for forward.  You
will be using these basic cursor positioning commands all the time.
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You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Delback>.
<Delback> is a key on the keyboard--the same one you normally use,
outside Emacs, for deleting the last character you typed.  It is
normally a large key a couple of lines up from the <Return> key, and
it is usually labeled "Delete", "Del" or "Backspace".

If the large key there is labeled "Backspace", then that's the one you
use for <Delback>.  There may also be another key labeled "Delete"
somewhere else, but that's not <Delback>.
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More generally, <Delback> deletes the character immediately before the
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   by typing <Delback> a few times.  Don't worry about this file
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>> Use <Delback>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen
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>> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Delback>.  This
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	<Delback>    delete the character just before the cursor
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	M-<Delback>  kill the word immediately before the cursor
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Notice that <Delback> and C-d vs M-<Delback> and M-d extend the parallel
started by C-f and M-f (well, <Delback> is not really a control
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character, or only remove blank lines and spaces, do deletion (so you
cannot yank that text).
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You can yank the same text several times; that makes multiple copies
of it.
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See how each buffer has a name, and it may also have a file name for
the file whose contents it holds.  ANY text you see in an Emacs window
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When you have several buffers, only one of them is "current" at any
time.  That buffer is the one you edit.  If you want to edit another
buffer, you need to "switch" to it.  If you want to switch to a buffer
that corresponds to a file, you can do it by visiting the file again
with C-x C-f.  But there is an easier way: use the C-x b command.
In that command, you have to type the buffer's name.

>> Type C-x b foo <Return> to go back to the buffer "foo" which holds
   the text of the file "foo".  Then type C-x b TUTORIAL <Return>
   to come back to this tutorial.

Most of the time, the buffer's name is the same as the file name
(without the file directory part).  However, this is not always true.
The buffer list you make with C-x C-b always shows you the name of
every buffer.

ANY text you see in an Emacs window is always part of some buffer.
Some buffers do not correspond to files.  For example, the buffer
named "*Buffer List*" does not have any file.  It is the buffer which
contains the buffer list that you made with C-x C-b.  The buffer named
"*Messages*" also does not correspond to any file; it contains the
messages that have appeared on the bottom line during your Emacs
session.

>> Type C-x b *Messages* <Return> to look at the buffer of messages.
   Then type C-x b TUTORIAL <Return> to come back to this tutorial.

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what you are using now.  It is an example of a "major mode".
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If you are going to be editing human-language text, such as this file, you
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One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing
human-language text, is Auto Fill mode.  When this mode is on, Emacs
breaks the line in between words automatically whenever you insert
text and make a line that is too wide.
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>> Now type <Delback> four times and see how the cursor moves.
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If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Delback>,
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to the first occurrence of "cu".  Now type <Delback>.  This erases
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The message should be something like this:
a1026 22
* MORE FEATURES
---------------

You can learn more about Emacs by reading its manual, either as a book
or on-line in Info (use the Help menu or type F10 h r).  Two features
that you may like especially are completion, which saves typing, and
dired, which simplifies file handling.

Completion is a way to avoid unnecessary typing.  For instance, if you
want to switch to the *Messages* buffer, you can type C-x b *M<Tab>
and Emacs will fill in the rest of the buffer name as far as it can
determine from what you have already typed.  Completion is described
in Info in the Emacs manual in the node called "Completion".

Dired enables you to list files in a directory (and optionally its
subdirectories), move around that list, visit, rename, delete and
otherwise operate on the files.  Dired is described in Info in the
Emacs manual in the node called "Dired".

The manual also describes many other Emacs features.


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Copyright (c) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation
@


